Factors in the Ethical Codes in Research

Factors in the Ethical Codes in Research Second Draft of Training Materials Tiffany Stewart The Ethical Principles are a piece of the Ethics Code that analysts follow while rehearsing. One zone of brain research that will be talked about all through this paper is directing. The moral standards will be characterized just for instance of a moral issue that conflicts with every guideline in counseling.There are five moral rules that should be followed while rehearsing proficient brain research. These five moral standards are advantage and nonmaleficence, devotion and obligation, uprightness, equity, and regard for people’s rights and poise. Guideline A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Advantage and nonmaleficence can be depicted as doing great and keeping away from hurt (Fisher, 2013). Doing great in advising can be offering types of assistance to customers/patients that will profit them. These administrations can be medicines that will assist the person with a turmoil or manage issues that happen in their life. Keeping away from damage to customers/patients in guiding can be ensuring the people are being analyzed precisely, and giving treatment that will profit them for a considerable length of time to come. Standard An Ethical Dilemmas A moral issue that would conflict with advantage and nonmaleficence is a treatment program that won't give positive symptoms. The program may support the customer/persistent to start with however end up with negative symptoms. A case of this is a customer/understanding is determined to have sadness. The analyst figures it would be a smart thought for the person to converse with their primary care physician about jumping on a stimulant. The stimulant is pushing the person to not be as discouraged, however her sex drive drops. Presently the customer is feeling discouraged again on the grounds that, she doesn't have that specific bond with her life partner any longer. Another moral quandary is a customer (Anna) that was seeing an advisor (Dr. Smith) for misery messages her two years after the fact. Anna expresses that her accomplice has been experiencing sorrow and is having issues with different instructors. Since Anna could trust Dr. Smith, she figures it would be a smart thought for her accomplice to see this advocate. Dr. Smith isn't sure on the off chance that she should see her accomplice since Anna used to be a customer (Fisher, 2013, p.358). Guideline B: Fidelity and Responsibility The second guideline loyalty and duty is characterized as being steadfast and ensuring clinicians are holding vows to their customers/patients (Brown Newman, 1992). This implies therapists need to construct a trust with their customers or their collaborators and keep trust by being proficient. Standard B Ethical Dilemmas A moral issue that conflicts with constancy and duty is a therapist not being classified with customer/patient’s data. A case of this is enlightening colleagues individual data regarding the customer. Except if the customer is hurting themselves or another, the data being advised to the clinician should be secret between the two. The trust is likewise broken between the analyst and the customer when data is advised to others that can prompt significant results like being sued or the therapist losing their permit. A second moral quandary that conflicts with Principle B would be a medication misuse advisor imparts data to her partners about her son’s savoring issue school. She approaches them for counsel once in a while on what she ought to do about the issue (Fisher, 2013, p. 106). Standard C: Integrity The third moral standard, respectability, causes clinician to be completely forthright, exact and honest in rehearsing brain science (Bodner, 2012). This can concentrate on a psychologist’s work in not cheating or taking different people’s work and making it theirs. Clinicians additionally should know about misleading can be utilized in tests. At the point when trickery is remembered for tests, the specialists need to ensure that damage is stayed away from. Standard C Ethical Dilemmas A moral issue that conflicts with respectability in guiding is a therapist gives out data that isn't exact. This could be changing the title of their activity on their business card or on their site despite the fact that that isn't what they got their degree in. This gives bogus data to people that are searching for a specific advocate. Notwithstanding the primary moral problem under this standard is a clinician discovers his patient doesn't have protection however her girl does. He chooses to get her out and charge the insurance agency under the daughter’s strategy (Fisher, 2013, p. 193). Standard D: Justice The fourth standard, equity, is to treat individuals reasonable and equivalent. This includes utilizing the proper medicines that fit the necessities of customers/patients (Fisher, 2013). Clinicians additionally need to recall that they can't be one-sided with regards to rewarding patients. Guideline D Ethical Dilemmas A moral quandary that conflicts with equity could be that analyst chooses to give a shorter treatment to a single parent that doesn't rake in some serious cash. The clinician has never done this however realizes the mother can't bear the cost of the expense of the typical treatment time. The second moral issue that conflicts with Principle D is a school therapist thought about specific elements, including age and language to help figure out where to put kids in instructive suggestions (Fisher, 2013, p. 92). Rule E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity The fifth rule, regard for people’s rights and nobility, remind clinicians to offer regard to the individuals that they work with just as realizing that the individuals that they work with have rights (Lowman, 2005). These rights include realizing their own data is classified and being educated regarding data to enable them to comprehend what is happening in the investigations they are associated with. Guideline E Ethical Dilemmas A moral predicament that can carry issues with the fifth rule is if an analyst has issues with a gay customer/persistent. The analyst chooses to work with a customer that is gay. After a couple of meetings, the customer expresses that he is beginning to have affections for the analysts. The clinical therapist no longer felt he could support the customer and chooses to send him to another clinician without clarification (Lowman, 2005). Another moral issue would be an advocate illuminating the guardians that their youngster has consideration lacking confusion on the principal meeting. The therapist would base this data by simply watching the kid rather than properly diagnosing the kid (Fisher, 2013, p.268). These five moral standards are characterized to clarify why advocates ought to tail them while rehearsing brain science. Two moral quandaries were accommodated every rule to show what can happen when they are not being followed. It is significant that guides become acquainted with the terms to maintain a strategic distance from any potential results that can happen. References Bodner, K. E. (2012). Moral Principles and Standards That Inform Educational Gatekeeping Practices in Psychology. Morals Behavior, 22(1), 60-74. doi:10.1080/10508422.2012.638827 Earthy colored, R. D., Newman, D. L. (1992). Moral Principles and Evaluations Standards: Do They Match? Development Review, Vol. 16, No. 6, 650-663 Fisher, C. B. (2013). Translating the morals code: A handy guide for therapists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Lowman, R. L. (2005). Regard for Peoples Rights and Dignity. Diary Of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 11(1/2), 71-77. doi:10.1300/J146v11n0106

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

Undertakings of Huckleberry Finn           The strife among society and the individual is a significant topic depicted all through Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Numerous individuals consider Huckleberry To be as a fiendish kid who is an awful impact to other people. Huck isn't brought up in concurrence with the acknowledged ways of human progress. He for all intents and purposes raises himself, depending on nature to control him through life. As observed a few times in the novel, Huck decides to follow his natural feeling of right, yet he doesn't understand that his own senses are more directly than those of society.           Society won't acknowledge Huck as he is and won't change its sentiments about him until he is changed and enlightened. The Widow Douglas furthermore, Miss Watson attempt to "sivilize" Huck by making him stop the entirety of his propensities, for example, smoking. They attempt to turn around the entirety of his lessons from the initial twelve long stretches of his life and power him to turn into their cliché great kid. Nonetheless, from the earliest starting point of the novel, Huck unmistakably expresses that he wouldn't like to adjust to society. "The Widow Douglas she took me for her child, and permitted she would sivilize me...I got into my old clothes and my sugar hogshead once more, and was free and satisfied." (page 1) Huck says this soon after he starts living with the Widow Douglas since it is unpleasant for him to be kept to a house and the exacting guidelines of the Widow Douglas.      Huck’s father, a messy and exploitative alcoholic, was likewise an issue. He was irate to such an extent that his child could peruse, that he seriously beat him and afterward constrained him to remain in a disconnected lodge. Huck at that point devises an arrangement to get away furthermore, heads down stream were he collaborates with Jim, a runaway slave.            The topic turns out to be significantly progressively apparent once Huck and Jim set out down the Mississippi. As they run from progress and are on the waterway, they consider the social shameful acts constrained upon them when they are ashore. The waterway never minds how principled they are, the manner by which rich they are, or what society considers them. The waterway permits Huck the one thing that Huck needs to be, furthermore, that is Huck. Huck makes the most of his experiences on the pontoon. He inclines toward the opportunity of the wild to the limitation of society.            Also, Huck's acknowledgment of Jim is an all out rebellion of society. Society consequently observes a dark individual, and considerably further, slaves, as substandard. They never consider slaves individuals, just as property.

5 Differences Between Coaching and Psychotherapy

5 Differences Between Coaching and Psychotherapy More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy If you are interested in changing your life for the better, speaking with someone on the outside of your life can be extremely helpful. Psychotherapy and coaching are two services that have helped countless people live their best lives, but they are often confused, as there is a great deal of overlap between each of these fields. Coaches vs. Psychotherapists Here are five differences between  coaching and psychotherapy to help you decide who might be more suited to help you along your journey. Psychotherapists Treat Mental Illness While Coaches Do Not One of the most important distinguishing factors between psychotherapists and coaches is that psychotherapists are trained to help people who are facing mental illnesses, and coaches are not. Even though a great  deal of stigma exists around mental illness, mental health problems are more common than ever, impacting about one in four Americans at some point in their lifetimes. If you are seeking help for a common mental health problem such as depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychotherapy is the way to go. Past vs. Future Orientation Generally speaking, coaching is more focused on helping you achieve your future  goals, while psychotherapy tends to have more of a past and present focus. That being said,  many coaches should be able to help you understand how the past contributes to your present, and psychotherapists can help you achieve your future goals. The focus in psychotherapy is more on healing from the past, while the focus in coaching is more on getting you to where you wish to be next. Differences in Payment Because psychotherapy is about treating a mental health problem, it may be covered by your insurance company if you meet the criteria for a mental health disorder and the insurance company deems psychotherapy medically necessary to help you get better. Coaching is typically not covered by health insurance because the focus of coaching is not on treating an illness.   Accreditation   In order to legally provide psychotherapy, one requires an advanced degree and a state license to practice. To obtain a license to practice psychotherapy, one needs to meet certain criteria which include an exam and a certain number of supervised hours of practice.   While there are many certification programs for coaching, there are no governing boards for life or success coaches. Despite a lack of a governing board in the field of coaching, many coaches offer tremendous services and some originally practiced as psychotherapists. Services Psychotherapists face more restrictions than coaches in terms of where and how they are able to offer services. They must be licensed in the state in which they practice, for example, while coaches can work throughout all of the United States and internationally. Psychotherapy is more traditionally offered face to face in an office, while coaching happens frequently over the phone or via the internet. Even so, some psychotherapists offer services over the phone or via the internet and some coaches have offices in which they see clients. Some coaches choose to meet with clients in a public setting, which is  rarer for psychotherapists. The above differences are generalizations and do not apply to all psychotherapists and coaches. In reality,  the differences between two psychotherapists or two coaches may be greater than the difference between a  coach and a psychotherapist, depending on who they are. If you are not clear on whether or how to choose a psychotherapist or coach,  interview a few from each profession and ask them about their approaches. Do your research to make sure that their backgrounds are legitimate, and choose the one that feels right for you. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Possible Causes and Effects of Internet Addiction

Psychodynamic focuses on the conscience and unconscious mind of an individual where as Behaviourism, is based on the behaviour of the individual without taking into account any thoughts of the individual. The two theories are both deterministic and both believe that our current behaviour is a result of previous events. A behaviourists would suggest that psychology is a science of behaviour, not a science of mind, the sources of an individuals behaviour is external, in the environment, not internal. The psychodynamic approach studies the relationship between the mind and personality of the individual, and the theory beleives that a persons behaviour is driven by emotions, mental aspects, and subconscious forces. Dr Kimberly S Young†¦show more content†¦Those who practice behaviour therapy are called behaviourists and tend to look more at specific, learned behaviours and how the environment has an impact on those behaviours. (2) They tend to look for treatment outcomes that ar e objectively measurable. (3) Most behaviour therapists use interventions, structured interviews, or different behavioural rating forms, these different assesments are used so the therapist can determine exactly what the individuals problem may be. As behaviour therapists believe that current behaviours arise from previous physical events, I do not think that this therapy would be best suited to a paitent with an Internet addiction disorder, I believe that the patient has an underlying disorder such as depression and or anxiety. Researchers suggest that persons with social anxiety disorder often feel more comfortable using online communication methods versus face-to-face interactions due to high levels of fear and anticipation of threat and negative evaluation associated with live interactions. Furthermore, research has established a clear connection between social anxiety and problematic internet use but little is known about the specific factors involved in this connection. (4) I nternet addiction disorder has only recently been taken into consideration, and has been added as a form of impulse control disorder Impulse control disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological gambling, Sexual compulsion and Obsessive compulsive disorders allShow MoreRelatedEssay Adolescent Internet Addiction 1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of the internet has become essential to today’s world with the availability of all types of information found at the click of a computer mouse. For adolescents the internet can help with schoolwork, but it also provides a platform for communication and entertainment with the world. Because relationships, information and gaming are readily available, it is possible for adolescents to become addicted to the internet and what it offers. 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Professional Autonomy as an Advanced Clinical Practitioner Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Professional Autonomy as an Advanced Clinical Practitioner Introduction The role an advanced clinical practitioner plays in the society today is everpresent and ever felt as the needs and demands of the community grow and vary. Service and professionalism are principal values that must be upheld constantly. It thus becomes imperative to advance the knowledge and medical skills of the clinical practitioner to cater to the specific needs of the patient and different situations that will be confronted. It is thus the aim of this paper to show the importance of advancing the education of clinical practitioners. This paper shall also demonstrate how the health promotion will be further pursued and advanced through education of the patients by the competent and capable health care professionals. Health Promotion / Education in Clinical Setting The trend to be advocated today is to promote health through the proper education of the primary health care providers and the patients as well. To respond to the need of the patients, it is best to improve first the skills, competence and independence of the nurse practitioners caring for them. This is the professional autonomy of the advanced clinical practitioners that pertain to their capability to work and serve the patients without depending on the instructions or supervisions of the physician (Dueker et al. , 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Autonomy as an Advanced Clinical Practitioner or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The degree of this professional autonomy may vary depending on what policies a given locality may have. There could be certain areas in the clinical setting where substantial regulations are imposed on the authority of the nurse practitioners. For example in United States, some states have granted nurse practitioners the authority to prescribe medications of certain controlled substances (Pearson, 1998). Such responsibilities and tasks show how dynamic and comprehensive a nurse practitioner must be. Evolution of the Culture of Nursing The culture of nursing has evolved through the years. Nursing people probably existed from the time that people started getting sick. However, traditionally, people think of nurses as the ones who help and follow the instructions of the doctor to implement the treatment of the patient. They also are the ones who do the actual caring and assistance to the patients. Such are very noble acts and they still hold true today. However, there is a more dynamic point to things now (Dueker et al. 2005). Today, the nurturing provided by advanced clinical practitioners goes beyond the usual or traditional notion of their roles in health care.

Building effective technical skills Free Essays

Chief operating officer The organization is headed by the COO. All the department heads will be reporting to him. The activities of all departments will be assessed and approved by him. We will write a custom essay sample on Building effective technical skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Legal Statutory department: This department is represented by the Manager – Regulatory affairs. He will take care of all regulatory registrations, their renewals, their compliances, disputes arising due to non compliances, etc. He will be a line employee reporting to the COO. 2. Human Resources Department: Manager – HRD is the head of this department. He is a line employee who takes care of recruitment, training, remunerations, discipline, appraisals, outsourced services, etc. An Officer- HR, a staff employee reports to the Manager – HR. He takes care of time office, salaries and wages, documentation, coordination with other departments, etc. 3. Finance Department: Manager – Finance is the head of the department. He is a line employee taking care of budgeting, fund planning, taxations, accounting, auditing, etc. He is assisted by an accountant, a staff employee, who takes care of documentation, cash flow, ledger maintenance, day book maintenance, etc. Cashier, a staff employee takes care of billings, cash transactions, cash deposition, etc. He reports to the Manager – Finance. 4. Sales Marketing Department: Manager – Sales Marketing heads the department. He is a line employee taking care of market research, planning, promotions, advertisements, store design set up, sales, customer feedbacks and complaints, etc Building effective technical skills 04 Executive – Market Research, a line employee having a sound knowledge about the type of books reports to Manager – Sales Marketing. He utilizes his skills to forecast customer requirements and identify an adapted product mix from time to time. Executive – Media is a line employee, reporting to the Manager – Sales marketing, taking care of media and magazine advertisements, promotional programs, etc. Executive – Stores Operations, a line employee, reports to the manager – Sales Marketing. He is responsible for the store design, displays, maintenance, etc. He co ordinates with the Inventory department to organize stocks. Retail sales persons are staffs reporting to the Executive – Stores Operations. They take care of sales at various sales counters or sales zones. They are responsible for the packing and forwarding of the purchased books to the delivery department. 5. Inventory Department: Manager – Inventory heads the department. His span management includes procurement, warehouse management, inventory control, etc. He co ordinates with the Manager – Sales marketing to ensure that the stock levels are maintained properly. Purchase assistant, a staff employee reports to the Manager – Inventory. He takes care of purchase order preparations, stock receipts, inward stocks verification, return of damaged stocks, etc. Stores assistant reports to the Manager – Inventory and he is a staff. He takes care of warehouse management, inventory control, documentation, etc. 6. Systems Department – Executive – Systems, is a line employee taking care of computer hardware, billing software, etc used by the organization. He reports to the COO. Co ordination Mechanism: The co ordination mechanism in such a book store is as follows. The Executive – Market research makes a thorough study of the market and prepares an adapted product mix. This is sent to the Manager – Inventory. The Stores assistant assesses the stock situation in the book store and the warehouse. He sends a stock report to the Manager – Inventory. Based on the market requirements and the stock situation, the Manager – Inventory prepares the Procurement plan. He directs the Purchase assistant to conduct purchases based on the procurement plan. This cycle repeats on a regular frequency. Comparison of a traditional book store and an online book store This is a traditional bookstore, operated by a traditional Hierarchical structure. The quantum of work involved is more and hence a relatively higher number of employees are employed. The information flows from the top level to the bottom level through paper correspondences or mail communications. These shops are slow in adapting to the market changes. The stocks are usually built and maintained based on the market forecasts. Hence, this type of stores usually carries a large inventory and hence requires a lot of space. This has a direct impact on the financial overheads. The book stores like â€Å"Barnes Noble†, â€Å"Amazon† or â€Å"Border† are online bookstores since 90’s. They are E enabled business concerns. They make use of the web and the Information and communication Technology (ICT). Hierarchical flow of information is less. The flow of information is through digital mode and fast. They usually maintain low inventories. They take the order from the customers, procure the requirements from the suppliers and deliver them to the customers directly. Their inventory carrying costs are much lower. The quantum of work involved is less and the flow of information is more. The savings due to the reduction in the inventory levels are passed on to the customers. References 1. Electronic Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges by Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Mahesh Raisinghani 2. The E-Commerce Book by Steffano Korper and Juanita Ellis. 3. Electronic Commerce: The New Business Platform for the Internet by Debra Cameron How to cite Building effective technical skills, Papers

Law of Management Competition Policies and Strategies

Question: Describe about the Law of Management for Competition Policies and Strategies. Answer: In the current document discussed below various questions would be answered relating to the competition policies and strategies followed by an organization for the benefit of the people at large; it also give a brief about the cases of negligence done on the part of any organization and reliefs which could be awarded to the plaintiff; at last the standards which prevails in an organization for its employees have been talked about. 1: Kmart is a discount department store retailer in Australia and New Zealand and Kmart Tyre and Auto Service is a provider of retail automotive services, repairs and tyres in Australia. Kmarts vision is to ensure it is where families come first for the lowest prices on everyday items. It was established in1969 with the opening of its first store in Burwood, Victoria. It was the very first discount department store in Australia. It offers the people of Australia the lowest price on everyday items and focus on growing the business through operational excellence, creating adaptable stores, driving a high performance culture and investing in the store network. The corporation aims to deliver profitable growth through increased volumes, enhanced product ranges, expansion of its digital strategy and operational efficiency throughout the business. There has been various strategies of which the three main strategies are as follows: Kmarts strategy remains constant to provide with everyday products at the lowest price; Deliver development and improvement in productivity and efficiencies for further investment; It focuses on creating a stimulating and encouraging work environment so everyone can thrive. These strategies have been adopted in order to promote competition and also to levy the competition and consumer act which has been applicable on all the Australian corporations for leading a corporation in a healthy way. The market is highly concentrated and competition has been anticipated to increase as international retailers to enter the market and existing competitors expand store networks. The market players would want or desire to adopt such policies which the organization has adopted in order to attract more customers. This would automatically promote competition in the market and then they would focus on fulfilling the customer satisfaction in order to be in the market. The organization will remain focused on maintaining its lowest price position and ensure the product pricing architecture continues to deliver value. It also would continue to lead price and value despite increased competition from new entrants, online and existing competition. Australian competition and Consumer Commission has been an organization which promote competition under which it was prescribed under the competition and consumer Act. The main objective of the act was to eliminate any kind of act which restricts the flow of competition in the market. The corporation has been recommended that as it complies with the competition act and laws which have been regarded and imposed on all the organ izations of Australia. So, it should comply with it and also at the same time it should not indulge in any of the acts which would effect the competition for the prevailing market players in the market. As the market should not create such situations that effect the work of others. It has been recognized by the organization that as the organization operates in a complex and dynamic environment with sophisticated and diverse wants and desires if people, both in Australia and through regional and global trades. The organization does not work individually but it has been its employees who put in their efforts as they just keep producing and releasing the products for the customers. They also work from home or any place where they go so that the work would not hamper and the consumers get benefit. At the same time, the inquiry conducting and resourcing authorities of competition and regulatory bodies have strengthened in order to detect any anticompetitive behavior. It focuses on the prosecution and penalties both with more streamlined cooperation among the jurisdictions in enforcement matters of the organization. So the organization should comply with the competition regulations and rules which can help and grant aid to the consumers against any unfair agreement t erms; protecting them against any unconscionable behavior of the corporation and nay misconduct. The organization therefore should make such regulations which protect the society and consumers at large as a satisfied consumer makes the goodwill of the organization to develop in a positive and good way. Competition has also been regarded as the procedure by which the rival business strives to maximize their earnings by developing and offering desirable goods and services to customers. It can also lead to lower cost of resources; better services; better information etc. All the new startup businesses believe that they should discover the needs and wants of the consumer in order to be in the market. Because, it was the consumer only who have the power either to make a company stay or blown away. If the customer would not be happy than the work of the corporation would not prevail in a market. Also, if the strategies made by the organization would properly work and fulfilled than the ot her market players would also do the same and would be boosted up by what has been done by the other organization. 2: Memorandum stating grounds for negligence action against BW To: The Board of Directors, BW From: Manager, Safety Operations, BW Subject: Regarding grounds for a successful case of negligence Date:22ndSeptember2016 cc: In this memorandum the civil liability with the duty in regard to negligence and duty of care would be discussed keeping in mind the incident which occurred. Also some recommendation would be discussed at the end. Negligence can be defined as the act of failing to do what a prudent individual would have done in the situations (Bugg, 2006). In order to institute an obligation, a plaintiff must first establish that the defendant owe a duty of concern towards the plaintiff (Supreme Court of Tasmania, 2016). So, before a plaintiff could recover reimbursement from a defendant for the act of negligence, he must prove three things in regard to the defendant that: He owed a duty of concern; He violated that duty of concern; and Private harm or land damage suffered by the plaintiff was as a result of that violation. In order to determine whether there was a duty of concern or not various factors have to be taken into account by the Court (Hobart Community Legal Service, 2013). The factors include: The type of injury suffered by the plaintiff; The defendants control over the circumstance that gave rise to the injury, and the plaintiffs vulnerability to that injury; The character of the relationship of the plaintiff and defendant, as compared to other duty relationships; Ethical and moral price, including human rights considerations; and Consistency and coherency of lawful morals and relationships. The concept of a duty of concern functions as a control device which allows the court to determine, as a case of policy, the situations in which there should be liability for negligent act (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). Courts have experimented with various approaches to the new cases, developing obligations incrementally, emplaning with due regard to policy considerations (Handford, 1982). In the matter of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) it was discussed that the modern doctrine of tort law was born out from this case as it concern a right of a customer to claim damages from a manufacturer of bottled ginger beer for nervous shock induced by the discovery of a fermenting snail in the bottle, after its contents had been drunk. It was the case in which extension has been made of the concept of duty of care (The Personal Injury Lawyers, 2016). In the matter of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344 it was held that reimbursement were available where the suffering or disappointment arises from a violation of an express or implied term or the suffering was consequent upon the suffering of a physical harm (Australian Contract Law, 2013). In another matter of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] a threefold test was established. It stated that the injury must be reasonably foreseeable; there must be an association of proximity among the plaintiff and defendant; and it must be just, immediate, and rational to oblige a liability. Though, emotional suffering has been recognized as an actionable tort (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). It means that the plaintiff could recover reimbursement for emotional suffering caused by injury but only if was escorted by a physical or financial harm (Holme, 2004) (Rajendran, 2004). In the case of Rodrigues v state it was held that the plaintiffs could recover damages for a negligent infliction of emotional suffering as a result of carelessly caused flood reimbursement to their house. In the case of Giller v Procopets it was held by the court that the claimant could recover reimbursement for disturbing suffering in her fair claim for infringement of confidence. Similarly in the matter of Doe v. Australian Broadcasting Corporation it was held that a fair reimbursement can be awarded for contravention of self-assurance for harm and suffering as a part if a larger award for other wrings. As per Division 4 of the civil liability act 2002 section 26H certain limits have been mentioned which were being forced on injuries which occur for any non- economic loss. It states that a court would not be in a place to award injuries for non- financial loss except as allowed by this Division (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). Also, according to Section 26I it has been clearly describes the non-financial loss injuries limited to the employees return amount. Under it a court may award reimbursement for the non- monetary failure up to a maximum of the total amount to which a worker would be allowed as reward under this division of part 3 of the Workers Reimbursement Act 1987. As per it if the worker had received a injury that entitled the worker to reward under that act and that resulted in a degree of enduring harm that was same as the offenders degree of lasting injury (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). When formatting the total amount to which a worker would be allowed for reimbursement under the provision of Workers Reimbursement Act 1987, the sum was to be resoluted under the section as it was in force when the destruction to the lawbreaker was acknowledged (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). According to Division 5 of the act authority has been given to make subtractions from reimbursement under section 26J. As per section 5L of the civil liability act the defendant has no liability for harm suffered from an obvious risk of dangerous recreational activities. Also as per section 5M of the act the defendant have no duty of care for recreational activity where risk warning. Section 5R describes in brief about the standard of contributory negligence as therefore by referring to these sections it can be stated that BW was not liable for the act which was done not by the negligence of the organization and so no damage would be paid off. In the case Action Paintball Games Pty Ltd (in liquidation) v Barker [2013] NSWCA 128 it has been held that a general warning about the risks involved was sufficient, without the need to describe each separate or specific risk or hazard and also on the basis that Action Paintball had given a risk warning to the plaintiff within the meaning of section 5M(1) of the CLA and therefore no duty of care was owed to her. So, it has been highly recommended that the organization should made pertinent reward to the plaintiff for the loss incurred by him due to the steel which broke down due to corrosion. Organization should also purchase new tools for restricting any future danger or harm which could be caused if new machinery would not be adopted. The organization for making the services better can make a disaster organization team in prior for dealing with such mishappening for the future if occur by any means (Bernstein, 2016). 3: The National Employment Standards (NES) are the 10 minimum stipulations and state of affairs of an employment which were mentioned in Part 2-2 of the Fair Work Act, 2009. It applies to the system of the national workplace relations of the workers. NES are the minimum required standards which cannot be overridden by the terms of the organization agreements or awards (Fair Work Commission, 2016). The ten minimum standards which every employment has to follow include the following matters: The employees should work for maximum of 38 weekly hours in addition to rational additional hours; Workers in some situations can make a request for making a change in their arrangements of work (Australian Government, 2016); Parental leaves and connected entitlements should be given up to 12 months for unpaid leave for each employee plus they have the privilege to make a request for an additional 12 months unpaid leave; Annual leaves should be provided which includes 4 weeks paid leave pr year plus an additional week for some shift workers (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016); Private/ carers leave and compassionate leaves should also be provided which includes 10 days paid private leave; 2 days unpaid carers leave when required; and 2 days compassionate leave unpaid as required; Unpaid leave should be offered for chosen crisis activities and up to 10 days of paid leave for service of Jury; An agent right for the workers as mentioned in a relevant pre-modernized reward, awaiting the growth of a consistent national long service leave standard; On every public holiday a paid off would be given except where logically requested to work; Up to 4 weeks notice of execution plus an additional week for the staff over 45 years of age who have been in the job for at least 2 years and up to 16 weeks division pay on being jobless both based on the span of service (The Australian Workers Union, 2016); and The Fair Work data statement was available from the Fair work Ombudsman (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). As per section 26(4) of the Fair Work Act 2009 applies to the service generally but if it applies subject to the constitutional limitations then it would relate to: All the manager and workers in the state or territory; or All manager and workers in the state or territory except those recognized by an act of the state or territory. Being a HR manager a person should ensure that the corporations comply with the 10 national standards and should not contravene them as per section 44 of the act; ensure terminations dont contravene; and maintain fully complaint time and wages records. HR manager should follow all the national standards but at the same time he should and can ask the workers to work more and can cut off their leaves depending upon the work load for any particular month. But the HR manager should also make such changes as when required as it was not necessary that in the organization all the standards would apply. He should include them while dealing with the employees but also should include those standards which would help the organization and can make some changes and ask the workers to work accordingly For this reason, it does not matter whether or not the regulation also was applicable to other individuals, or if or not an exercise of a power under the regulation affects all the individuals to whom the rule was applicable. Similarly, if any of these points would be violated then he must be punished under section 550 of the act. The HR Manager should understand the problems of the workers and should see that the corporation in which it has been working complies with all the standards which have been made and drafted for the benefit of the working staff. If all the staff would be granted such compliance with the standards then it would make them feel that they work in a safe environment. So the HR should not dispense with such polices which have been specially made fir the employees. References: Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2016) CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2002. [Online] Commonwealth Numbered Acts. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cla2002161/ [Accessed on 22/09/16] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2016) COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 - SCHEDULE 2. [Online] Commonwealth Numbered Acts. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html [Accessed on 22/09/16] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2016) FAIR WORK ACT 2009 (NO. 28, 2009). [Online] Commonwealth Numbered Acts. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/fwa2009114/ [Accessed on 22/09/16] Australian Contract Law. (2013) Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/baltic.html [Accessed on 22/09/16] Australian Government. (2016) The National Employment Standards. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.ieuvictas.org.au/files/8613/4214/4413/nes.pdf [Accessed on 22/09/16] Australian Law Reform Commission. (2016)Breach of Confidence Actions for Misuse of Private Information. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/13-breach-confidence-actions-misuse-private-information/reimbursement -emotional-suffering [Accessed on 22/09/16] Bernstein, J. (2016) The 10 Steps of Crisis Communications. [Online] Bernterin Crisi Management. Available from: https://www.bernsteincrisismanagement.com/the-10-steps-of-crisis-communications/ [Accessed on 22/09/16] Bugg, T. (2006) Negligence and damages personal injury, property damage and pure economic loss. [Online] Law Council of Australia. Available from: https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/lawcouncil/images/LCAPDF/speeches/20060526Negligenceanddamages.pdf [Accessed on 22/09/16] Fair Work Commission. (2016) National employment standards. [Online] Fair Work Commission. Available from: https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/national-employment-standards [Accessed on 22/09/16] Fair Work Ombudsman. (2016) National Employment Standards. [Online] Fair Work Ombudsman. Available from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards [Accessed on 22/09/16] Handford, P.R. (1982) Damages for Injured Feelings in Australia. University of New South Wales Journal. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/1982/16.pdf [Accessed on 22/09/16] Hobart Community Legal Service. (2013) Negligence and the Duty of Care. [Online] Hobart Community Legal Service. Available from: https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/tasmanian-law-handbook/accidents-and-insurance/negligence/negligence-and-duty-care [Accessed on 22/09/16] Holme,R. ( 2004) MENTAL SUFFERING DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. 35. [Online] Available from: https://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-35-2004/issue-3/holmes.pdf [Accessed on 22/09/16] Rajendran, R. (2004) "Told Nervous Shock: Has the Pendulum Swung in Favour of Recovery by Television Viewers?". Deakin Law Review 7319(2). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2004/31.html [Accessed on 22/09/16] Supreme Court of Tasmania. (2016) NEGLIGENCE FORESEEABILITY: Doctrine Of Law Or Public Policy. [Online] Supreme Court of Tasmania. Available from: https://www.supremecourt.tas.gov.au/publications/speeches/underwood/negligence[Accessed on 22/09/16] The Australian Workers Union. (2016) What are the 10 National Employment Standards (NES)?. [Online] The Australian Workers Union. Available from: https://www.awu.net.au/national-employment-standards [Accessed on 22/09/16] The Personal Injury Lawyers. (2016) What are Emotional Suffering Damages in Personal Injury Cases?. [Online] Available from: https://www.thepersonalinjurylawyers.com.au/What-are-Emotional-Suffering-Damages-in-Personal-Injury-Cases [Accessed on 22/09/16]

Nursing Sensitive Indicators free essay sample

Nursing-sensitive indicators can be an important tool in identifying patient care issues that could potentially arise during a hospital stay. By analyzing the data on specific nursing-sensitive indicators, the quality of patient care can be optimized and patient satisfaction can be improved. The American Nurses Association (ANA) and the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) are two sources of information and guidelines for nurses and nurse managers to use in planning patient care and workloads for each nursing unit. The use of available resources, staffing by acuity and patient needs, appropriate referral indicators, and cooperation among colleagues are all necessary components in providing ethical, safe, and patient-centered care in the hospital setting. Care of the patient should always center on the individual needs, wishes and cultural practices, within the framework of evidence-based patient care interventions. Nursing Sensitive indicators â€Å"Nurses use theoretical and evidence-based knowledge of human experiences and responses to collaborate with healthcare consumers to assess, diagnose, identify outcomes, plan, implement, and evaluate care. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Sensitive Indicators or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nursing interventions are intended to produce beneficial effects, contribute to quality outcomes, and above all, do no harm. † (American Nurses Association, 2010) There are several nursing sensitive indicators that were either ignored or overruled in the case of Mr. J. Falls risk, dementia diagnosis, pain medications, immobility and cultural or religious values are all indicators that special steps must be taken in the care of this patient to avoid further harm and achieve quality patient care. Mild dementia can create problems in some patients with their ability to reason, make sound judgment, and respond appropriately to requests and interventions. The simple fact that he fell, has mild dementia, and is drowsy does not, according to ANA standards and the Joint Commission, make him a candidate for use of restraints. Falls risk indicators should be assessed on admission and at least every 24 hours post admission. Optimally, the falls risk should be addressed each shift, as in some patients with dementia there can be marked differences in cognitive levels of function at different times of day, making them more susceptible to falls at night. Unless a patient is in immediate danger of harming self or others, such as pulling out IV lines, trying to remove breathing or feeding tubes, or striking out at staff without being able to be redirected, there is no indication that restraints should be used. There are many restraint alternatives that can be employed in the care of patients who are at risk for falls, have cognitive issues, or are combative. Use of bed alarms, personal alarms, active listening, direct observation, one-to-one sitters, family visits, and redirection should all be attempted prior to obtaining a physician order for restraints. Restraints should never be applied without the knowledge of the attending physician, and there are very strict guidelines in place for frequent skin checks, restraint-removal trials, and frequent vitals and welfare checks. All staff, whether licensed care professionals or unlicensed assistive personnel should be aware of the institutional policies regarding use of restraints. Likewise, the development of pressure ulcers while hospitalized is greatly increased by immobility. It takes only two hours of lying in one position for skin to begin breakdown, especially over bony prominences such as the buttock/coccyx area. This can also be exacerbated by incontinence, whether the incontinence is due to lack of control or simply lack of staff to assist in toileting needs. Quality patient care in the case of Mr. J would have to include restraint alternatives, falls prevention care plans, frequent skin checks, and frequent (every two hours) turning or repositioning to avoid skin breakdown. A toileting schedule would also be helpful in this case, to assure the patient and his family that basic needs will be met. My recommendation for the care plan of Mr. J would include restraint alternatives consisting of bed alarm, active listening, rounding at least hourly by nurse or CNA, toileting assistance and repositioning every two hours, and reassurance or redirection as needed if confused. I would encourage family visits if possible, and even suggest that if a family member felt comfortable rooming in with patient for reassurance all effort would be made to accomplish that scenario. It is common for patients with dementia to become more confused and distressed in the later evening hours, so having family or a one-to-one sitter would be a very effective way to reduce the chance of fall and to reassure and redirect as needed. Also, the CNA should not have ignored the growing sign of skin breakdown on Mr. J’s lower spine. The depressed, reddened area is a precursor to a stage one pressure ulcer. Due to his age, injury, and lack of mobility, a pressure ulcer prevention care plan should have been initiated on admission. When the evidence was brought to the attention of the CNA , she should have immediately informed the primary care nurse of her findings. Following the evidence-based practice of frequent repositioning, padding bony prominences, and the use of products designed specifically for prevention and healing of compromised skin areas will dramatically reduced the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Research and use of data on prevention and avoidance of falls and pressure ulcers can make a remarkable difference in the cost of patient care. Reimbursement to hospitals by Medicare often depends on the use of proper care planning and documented use of nursing sensitive outcome indicators. A second very important rule of quality patient care was violated with the incident of Mr. J receiving the wrong type of meal on his tray. When it was discovered by the nurse that the pork had been given to and eaten by the patient, the nurse did the right thing by notifying her supervisor. However after that, the cascade of events was a dismal failure as far as transparency, customer service, and patient satisfaction are concerned. The supervisor was negligent in telling the staff to â€Å"keep it quiet†. Although she did the right thing by notifying the kitchen supervisor, she should have immediately apologized to the patient himself, and then informed the patient’s daughter of the incident. An apology to the family, along with an outlined plan of how such a mistake would be avoided in the future would have most likely helped to avoid the hard feelings and complaints that followed. What the nurse later said to the patient’s daughter was not therapeutic, in fact it was belittling of the religious and cultural beliefs held by this family. Culturally sensitive care dictates that even if healthcare workers do not agree with or fully understand the religious and cultural beliefs of the patient, they must still honor and accommodate whenever possible within the confines of sound medical practice. Failure to provide meals that are culturally appropriate was apparently an ongoing problem at that hospital. Resources, Referrals and Colleagues â€Å"Nursing practice respects diversity and is individualized to meet the needs of the healthcare consumer or situation. Healthcare consumer is defined to be the patient, client, family, group, community, or population who is the focus of attention and to whom the registered nurse is providing services† (American Nurses Association, 2010) As a nursing shift supervisor, there are many resources available to assist in achieving quality, culturally appropriate care for patients. In the case of Mr. J, there are many online resources that could have been used to familiarize staff with the dietary requirements of Jewish who keep kosher. Also, the dietician should have been consulted to set up kosher menus, and kitchen staff should be educated on kosher dietary requirements. The entire facility could benefit from education regarding dietary differences of different cultures and religions, and about cultural practices that may affect care interventions at all levels of care. Perhaps the nursing supervisor could facilitate training and education for all staff, with the help of the Jewish physician that would improve the level of satisfaction for the Jewish patients and their families. Other resources that the nursing supervisor could employ would be to coordinate with the attending physician to obtain consultation and/or treatment for physical therapy, occupational therapy, wound care nurse, dietician, palliative care nurse, chaplain, and social worker. For immediate resolution of the issues with Mr. J, a personal apology from hospital administration, along with assurance that the complaints are being taken seriously and plans are being made to avoid such problems in the future would be a good start. As for future patients, creating and following policies, care plans, and evidence-based guidelines for patients with dementia, patients at risk for pressure ulcers, patients at risk for falls, and patients with special dietary needs are a necessary step to insuring quality patient care. All staff, at every level of care, needs to be held accountable for following policies and guidelines, with clear expectations and consequences for deviation from policy. It seems that there were many opportunities to provide quality patient care that were either overlooked or ignored in the case of Mr. J. Identifying risk for falls, risk for pressure ulcers, and risk for culturally inappropriate care at time of admission and addressing in advance possible issues that could arise could have resulted in a much safer and acceptable patient stay. Early use of assessment tools, referrals, and ancillary resources is essential to ensuring the safety and quality care of all patients. Communication between colleagues and communication with patients and families is paramount and transparency when errors do occur is necessary to create the trust that is so essential between patient and all care providers. According to the ANA, â€Å"nurses must be as proficient in communication skills as they are in clinical skills†, and â€Å"must be relentless in pursuing and fostering a sense of team and partnership across all disciplines†. (American Nurses Association, 2010). It is only by becoming true collaborators that nurses can be seen as effective, valued, and committed partners in healthcare.

History of Nursing Research Essay Example

History of Nursing Research Essay Example History of Nursing Research Essay History of Nursing Research Essay University of Phoenix Material History of Nursing Research Worksheet There have been many influential publications, agencies, and people in the field of nursing research. Write 1–3 sentences in each cell of the table below to describe the importance, goal, or influence of each item. Publications |First publication date and importance: | |Nursing Research |First published: 1952 | | |Importance: | | |The increase in research activity during the 1940s prompted the | | |publication of the first research journal (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). | |Sigma Theta Tau Journal published by this organization is |First published: 1967 | |now called Image- The Journal of Nursing Scholarship |Importance: | | |Sponsored many local conferences to communicate research findings. It| | |provided research articles and summaries of research conducted on | | |selected topics (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). |Research in Nursing and Health |First published: 1978 | | |Importance: | | |Pro vides research articles and summaries of research conducted on | | |selected topics (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). | |Western Journal of Nursing Research |First published: 1979 | | |Importance: | | |Provides research articles and summaries of research conducted on | | |selected topics (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). | | | |Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice |First published: 1987 | | |Importance: | | |The conduct of clinical research (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). | |Applied Nursing Research |First published: 1988 | | |Importance: | | |The conduct of clinical research (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). |Nursing Science Quarterly | First published: 1988 | | |Importance: | | |The conduct of clinical research (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). | |Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing |First published: 1982-1983 | | |Importance: | |To facilitate the use of research to improve nursing practice (Burns | | | Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). | |Annual Review of Nursing Research |First published: 1983 | | |Importance: | | |Experts ‘reviews of research organized into four areas: nursing | | |practice, nursing care delivery, nursing education, and the nursing | | |profession (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). |Agencies |Establishment date and goal or function: | |American Nurses’ Association (ANA) Council of Nurse |Established: 1972 | |Researchers |Goal: | | |To advance research activities, provide an exchange of ideas, and | | |recognize excellence in research. | | |The commission also influenced the development of federal guidelines | | |concerning research with human subjects and sponsored r esearch | | |programs nationally and internationally (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). |National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) |Established: 1993 | | |Goal: | | |Focused its support on five research priorities; | | |Community-based nursing models. | | |Effectiveness of nursing interventions in human immunodeficiency | | |virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). | | |Cognitive impairment. | |Living with chronic illness. | | |Bio-behavioral factors related to immuno-competence (Burns Grove, | | |2007, pp 9-10-11-12). | |Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) |Established: 1989 | | |Goal: | | |To facilitate the conduct of outcomes research. It also had an | | |active role in communicating research findings to health care | | |practitioners and was responsible for publishing the first clinical | | |practice guidelines in 1989. These guidelines included a synthesis of| | |the latest research findings with directives for practice developed | | |by health care experts in a variety of areas (Burns Grove, 2007, pp| | |9-10-11-12). |Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |Established: 1999 | | |Goal: | | |Evidence-based guidelines and provided standards for practice in | | |nursing and medicine. Became a scientific partner with the public and| | |private sectors to improve the quality and safety of patient care | | |(Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). |Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Health People|Established: 1992 | |2010 |Goal: | | |To focus of health care research and funding is expanding from the | | |treatment of illness to include health promotion and illness | | |prevention interventions (Bur ns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). | |Sigma Theta Tau |Established:1967 | | |Goal: | | |Sponsored many local conferences to communicate research findings. It| | |provided research articles and summaries of research conducted on | | |selected topics (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). |People |Contribution to the field of nursing research: | |Florence Nightingale |Contribution: | | |Her initial research focused on a healthy environment promoting | | |patients’ physical and mental well being that included environmental | | |aspects such as ventilation, cleanliness, water, and diet. | |Collection and analysis of soldier morbidity and mortality during | | |Crimean war which gave soldiers the right to adequate food, housing | | |and proper medical treatment. | | |Changes within society with testing public water, improving | | |sanitation, preventing starvation, and decreasing morbidity and | | |mortality (Burns Grove, 2007, pp 9-10-11-12). |William Roper |Contribution: | | |Promot ed outcomes research during the 1980s to determine quality and | | |cost-effectiveness of patient care (Burns Grove, 2007, pp | | |9-10-11-12). | References: Burns, N. , Grove, S. (2007). Understanding nursing research-building and evidence-based practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class. I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas, and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. I have obtained written permission from the copyright holder for any trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet or other sources. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Students  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Diana Wisocki___________________ ___

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

English paper - Essay Example That is the function of an art, its relationship to nature and life, distinction of its beauty from the truth, its use, and moral goodness. According to Sartwell, â€Å"It is systematic attempt to pit aesthetics against rationality since it views beauty as a teeming opposite of simplicity. In this case spiritual orientation entails an aesthetic and vice versa† (Sartwell 59). Therefore, in depicting spirituality, different objects are in use by different cultures and religions. For instance, the Christians crucifixion really moves one to see the brutality received by Christ on the Calvary. Mathias crucifixion exaggerates the suffering a depiction that goes beyond realism. The body is covered with big sores of wounds to show the beatings and it is discoloured all over with blood. The legs intertwined with a nail at the place of intersection to hold the body on the cross. Sartwell asserts, â€Å"The legs have begun to putrefy and were turning green beneath the rivers of blood. He hands wide open, fingers contorted in a wild gesture in which were supplication and reproach† (Sartwell 71). This kind of work can move even the non-Christians to belief as they experience beauty in different emotions of this sight. Another example of objects that depict beauty are furniture and other work designs. For instance, the work of Shakers disjoins the physical object from its meaning. Just as the shakers believed that work is a form of worship, looking at their work one can view the devotion. Beauty revolves around some values that depict morality. The simplicity of art works, austerity, and integrity made the Shakers work outstanding, which made them make a lot of money as they marketed genuine items with honesty and quality. This is beauty (Sundara) as one looks at it in all dimensions such as moral aspect, physically, and spiritually. As one admires a good craft and the skilful work that goes into the craft, the mind can

TEMPERAMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TEMPERAMENT - Essay Example In this period, children develop a sense of freedom and exploration (Feldman p. 187, 2010). Children have been observed to have many different types of temperaments, which have been broadly classified as easy babies, difficult babies and slow-to-warm babies. Easy babies have a consistent behavior, which can be adapted easily to patterns of eating, sleeping and other routines. Difficult babies are very irregular and irritable in their patterns making it harder for them to adapt to changes. Slow-to-warm babies tend not to be very irritable, though their behavior is negative and they recede from public (Feldman p. 188, 2010). Common sense dictates that temperament should effect the development of a baby into a good or bad individual, or a healthy or unhealthy individual. But researches have shown that this is not the case, although temperament does have an indirect effect. The overall effect combines temperament and the societal nature and the general atmosphere around a person also. Temperament directly affects the attachment of babies with their parents. A recent research has shown that the parental attachment can also govern the development of a child’s temperament. Easy to handle babies are generally highly attached to parents (Smith, 2009). Behavior of a mother post-partum is a very important factor in determining a child’s temperament. Women with a higher level of maternal education are able to cope with babies better, having a lesser negative post-partum impact on their children (Smith, 2009). It has been observed that the mode of delivery has a very direct impact on the mother’s emotional stability. Natural and planned cesarean births fare far better than emergency cesareans and epidurals. These can also affect the temperament of children indirectly (Smith, 2009). Scientists are still unsure whether temperament is a completely psychological aspect of a human, or is there some biological effect too as

The Shehri Language In Southern Oman English Language Essay

The Shehri Language In Southern Oman English Language Essay The UNESCO atlas of endangered languages has listed that Shehri Language is at risk of disappearing, based on Johnston (1982). The aim of this paper is to investigate at which level of endangerment the language is. This study has been conducted based on interviews with representatives from each part of the country, and distribution of a questionnaire to females and males Shehri speakers. Basically, the research has discovered that the Shehri language is a very rich language [linguistically] and need to be studied to discover all those issues as a part of the Omani culture diversity. Moreover, the results had shown that the Shehri language face a remarkable threatened starting from the next door culture, and ends with the educational philosophy. Support and encouragement need to be done by the government to support such studies to revive the language. The Shehri speakers are and still proud of their language and next generation should continue with those manners. Key words Language death, language revive, language revilaitaztion, language change, language and culture. Chapter One Introduction This dissertation is about the Shehri language in Dhofar. It aims to investigate the language form a sociolinguistics prospectives. As it is considered as severely endangers by the UNESCO we are going to investigate it by looking the language relationship with culture and surrounding variability. Although, the UNESCO records are clear and fact such a topic is changeable and it could be varied if the language is being recorded over a time and updated. In addition, since this language is not being studied before as endangered, we shall present the history of language and country to make the image clear, because it seems that the name of the language means a lot to the Shehri speakers, and there is a remarkable debate about it. Thus, it might draw the light on what are the reasons for the language death in Southern Oman. Moreover, a short survey on what have been discussed about the language in previous studies before the research body is introduced to address the following questions: Is the shehri language is going to extinct? If so, What are the reasons for this reduction in the number of speakers? What is the best solution to revive the language? After that, the analysis of data and findings will reveal what the study accomplished. Finally, this paper will discuss what might be done and how the revive the Shehri language. The language A Sheharat is a language that is spoken is south of Oman. It is known is the mother-tongue of the people who live in the mountain of Dhofar southern Oman. Moreover, since this language was and still the language of the people in the mountains of Dhofar , people from Salalah the capital of Dhofar call it Jabbali or Jabblat which comes from Jabbal in Arabic which means mountain. Moreover, Higgins (2010: 3) stated that the communist-backed tribal guerrillas controlled the whole of the Jebel Dhofar region (jebel [English spellings vary] is the Arabic word for mountain, hill, or slope). None-Shehri speakers describe the language of its speaker as Jabbalies or Gabbalies. When they say that this language is Jabbali it is due to translating the word Shehar (the origin name of the language which is mountain) into Arabic Jabbal, therefore, they call it Jabbali. According to Hetzron (1997:2) The Jabbali language received many names in the scientific literature, the most common of which being Ã…Â  xauri, Ehkili, Qarawi, Ã…Â  heri. In context, if any person is going to the mountain and he would name it he would say Im going to the mountain Im going to Shehar and in the city language Arabic it is going to be something like Im going to Jabbal. A Shehri (2000) has described his tribe to be the ancient tribe in the South the South Arabian Peninsula claiming that the language is named according to his tribal name, but this study revealed that the name Shehri coming from the name of the mountain in the language itself. In addition, Johnstone (1982) in his introduction was clarifying all those issues as a message from him for the important impact on the language. He stated that Tribal origins mean much less in modern Oman, and the large scale re-settlement has tended to blur these ancient distinctions. The name Jibbali, however, has the advantage that it avoids the mention of the term Shehri, with its tendency to stress old social differences between Dhofar tribes. In this view, This tells us that the different names that we have for the same language are common, because each person is describing it from his culture and language. But there is no doubt that the ancients speakers call it Shehrat or Shehri language. There are some people in Dhofar who do not believe that this is a language. According to them it is an accent or a dialect and the term language is something cannot be describing it. Their assumption comes from the idea that if the language is not written it is an accent, while if we look at the Shehri it is a language that contains it is own phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. At the same time it is not a part from any other language until now so they can call it an accent for X language. In fact, the Shehri have three different accents in Dhofar. This is due to the geographical variation in South of Oman. The most known part is the central part since it is closer to the city Salalah Johnstone (1981). Moreover Peterson (2004:256) and also Johnstone (1981) divided the mountains of Dhofar into three main areas; Jabal al-Qara overlooks Salalah at the centre, while the remote and largely inaccessible Jabal Samhan dominates the east, and the equally forbidding and barren Jabal Qamar commands the west. This might lead us the Shehri variant is based on those main inhabited places in Dhofar came from. The number of Shehri speakers is 5,000 according to Johnstone (1975, 94). This is taken during a war in Dhofar which force many people from the mountains to deported to Yemen as the closest country to Dhofar as looking for refuge from the war and a better place to lead their war since the government controlled the whole area in Dhofar. After that, in 1993 according to Omani national census the number of people who are living in the mountain is 25,000. At that time, the Shehri language was the first language in the mountains of Dhofar. On the other hand, Al Aghbari (2011) reported that the number of Shehri speakers are more than 147,000 people. Since the Omani Census are not counting the number of speakers of each language in the country; the number of Shehri speakers are not being officially known yet. AL-Shehri (2008) claim that the Shehri language consists of 33 letters with 6 extra phonemic sounds which leave the language with 39 phonemes. On the other hand, if we look at the letter and how they sound we might feel that they are similar to Arabic. Because it is not a written language [yet] people from other tribes and places in Dhofar tries to speak Shehri and at the same time they are using the same Arabic letters that they are used to. At this stage, the Shehri language starts to change and nowadays people hardly use the 6 extra sounds and replacing them with the normal Arabic phonemes. This doesnt mean that the Shehri language is a partial form Arabic. The vocabulary and language structures in Shehri are totally different, but the sounds might be the same since they are sharing the same area. The history of the country Dhofar was a very rich country in the trading market with other ancient nations. According to Zarins (1997:51) Dhofar province is the Atlantis of the Sand and speculated that it might have a trading center in southern of Oman. Moreover, he continues saying that Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo, and other ancient authors, though not specifically mentioning Ubar, gave brief accounts of cities in southern Arabia that market resins of frankincense and myrrh trees. While it is certain that the people of the Dhofar area grew rich trading these commodities, it would appear that the city of Ubar was an Arabian Nights fantasy. Furthermore, Dharmananda, (2003) confirms that the Myrrh and frankincense trading market reached china before 973 A.D as a medicine and also, in Egypt for embalming the bodies of the Pharaohs. Besides, Dharmananda (2003) believed that Myrrh and frankincense, traded throughout the Middle East at least since 1500 B.C. Therefore, it might be seen now clearly that the his tory of the area south of Oman was famous and strong enough to contend the Egyptian and the Chains empires. Such a nation must have a language, power, economic and financial system to compete such nations,otherwise the south Arabian Peninsula is going to be a an Egyptian or Chinese colony. After those glory days in southern the Arabian Peninsula lots of changes happen to ancient people. In terms of the economy and their statues worldwide as well. Recently, before the 1970, Oman was ruled by Sultan Said Bin Taimor (1932-1970) in which many people do not have the right to be educated, receiving medical care or even travel from Oman without his direct permission. This was the Sultans policy that results in Rebellion in Dhofar from 1968-1975. Dhofar was the capital of the south and the modern part of it. The Sultan of Oman, Said bin Tamur, ruled like a feudal lord: No Omani was allowed to leave the country, or even his home village, without the Sultans explicit permission. He banned all symbols of the decadent twentieth century From medical drugs and spectacles to book and radios and he flogged his subjects for adopting Western dress Ladwig (2008:66). Moreover, Higgins (2010:3) stated there were no roads, no schools, no hospitals, and no development of water resources for home or agricultural use. This was the situation all over Oman but with some emphasizes on Dhofar as the special place for the Sultan Said bin Taimor. According to Ladwig (2008:66) Dhofar was the Sultans personal domain, where he resided in seclusion year round, despite the fact that the nations capital was 500 miles north of Muscat. Although he took a Dhofari wife, who was the mother of his son, the Sultan disliked and distrusted his Dhofari subjects, the Jebelis most of all. It is clearly seen that all those issues happened since Sultan Said Bin Taimor taken the rule of the country made the situation in Oman and especially in Dhofar difficult to be controlled. Therefore, the Rebellion movement started from Dhofar (1968) with the help of the Soviets and China. Until, 1970 when the Sultan Qaboos the Only son of Sultan Said bin Taimor take the rule of the country and start to fight the counterinsurgency in southern of Oman, and make the promises to rebuild the country again. My people, my brothers, yesterday it was complete darkness and with the help of God, tomorrow will be a new dawn in Muscat, Oman and its people (Sultan Qaboos first speech 1970). According to Gulvady (2009) The Sultan Qaboos government has focused on economic development. He first addressed infrastructure needs, such as building roads and highways, as well as education. He is now focusing on sustainable development, diversification, industrialization, and privatization. The schools were built with a great care; hospitals, Universities and colleges to ensure that each person in Oman get the chance to be learnt and to be educated. Certainly, according the Ministry of Education (2012) the number of schools rose from 3 schools in 1970 teaching the Holy Quran and Arabic language only, to 1053 schools by 2010 teaching modern subjects as Mathematics, Sciences, Arabic, English, History, and Religion. In addition, Universities and colleges were established all over Oman. The main University is the Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat. Also, the biggest cities in Oman were provided with an applied sciences college and a technical college as well. Therefore, the use of Arabic language gets greater; while the Shehri language got a few chances to be practiced without being taught. To conclude, the past of Oman was dark and full of blood from the Rebellion movement against Sultan Qabooss father Said bin Taimor. All those promises by the Sultan Qaboos has been achieved in 40 years is something difficult and almost impossible. Thank to God and the hands of the Omani generations who learnt and trained under the government of Oman this path was easier.Now Omani students can be found in the world famous Universities studying and learning to continuing what the Sultan Qaboos has begun. The new regime, though undoubtedly good for the people, did lead to the decline of the Shehri language. Therefore, it might be worth to reorganize the Educational Philosophy in Oman. Chapter Two Literature review: During the last decades lots of changes happened to Oman, precisely Dhofari people and their language. The changes appear in the vocabulary choice, pronunciation, structure, words are disappearing and not being used. Marshall (2004:1) claims that investigators have shown renewed interest in the loss of non-standard varieties and the process of standardization. This has given important insights into the types of geographical area, social network, and social group in which language changes originate and mechanism involves in the process of diffusion. In addition, McMahon (1994:8) assured that we should never lose sight of the fact that language are spoken by people for purposes of communication; consequently, speakers change languages, although that is not to say that they are necessarily conscious of doing so, or that they intend to make changes. Perhaps speakers of any language hold the responsibility toward the changes happened at their time, but also the political decisions made by the country could play a positive or negative role. Moreover, considering the fact that the Shehri language is not a written language this risk gets greater. McCabe (2011:262) explains that There is no clear reason why languages change as extensively as they do; there are several explanations which cover various aspects of change, in the case of sound change we have seen that ease of articulation has historically been a motivator. With respect to sound change, it is important to mention the impact that the written language has had on language change. Moreover, a tremendous change took place during the last 40 years in Oman , generally, and Dhofar region result in having a new generation which differs from the elderly people in the way of thinking, learning, speaking and everything. McCabe (2011:263) assured that often young people use language differently than their parents, in the same way that they dress differently and listen to different music, in order to create an identity which sets them apart from their parents generation. Taking into account that any changes might be referred back to it after a time if it is written, but if it was only a spoken language in the community this means that there is no source for the language except those young generations. Besides, Beard (2004) believes that studying a language change consists of two parts, internal and external approach. According to him an internal approach to studying language change looks at such areas as vocabulary, spelling, meaning of words, grammar and compares usag e in old text with stage found todayBut if we look at the external aspects of this text, viewing it more as a social document, it seems to belong to different age Bread (2004:4). The Shehri language has been discussed in some books, Journals, TV interviews, and dissertations. According many people in this study lots of this information was presented wrongly. Many of them might be a personal believe or just a way to relate this language to their own purposes. For example, Ali AL Shehri books where he claims that this language is related to them as a tribe was totally unacceptable for people from other tribes in Dhofar. According to Al Shehri (2000:42) the Shahara tribes have preserved the most ancient Arab language (the Shehri), the traditions, folklore, proverbs, names of ancient tribes, ancient God names and much other ancient Arab culture. This assumption made by Ali made other people argue with him as relating the language to his tribe. At the same time, as other tribes and the government did not agree with what Ali mention in his books; none of his books were published in Oman to ovoid sedition between the people in Dhofar. Then, in (2005) Mohammed Al Mashani studied the language comparing it to languages such as the Arabic, the Old Yemeni language (Saba), and the modern dialects in Yemen, claiming that the Shehri language is the language of Hamyer the old kingdom southern the Arab Peninsula. Mohammed also brings a new name for the language and named with The Modern Hamyer Dhofari Tongue. It is clearly seen that the name of the language became the main issue for scholars and the people in Dhofar. Other studies such as Hayward et. Al. (1988), Johnstone (1972) (1980a) (1980a) (1981), Al Hakli (2008), Al-Shahri (1994), Hayward, Al-TabÃ…Â «ki (1988), Hofstede (1998) Makhashen (2009) focused their studies on the origin of the language and its people, and the grammatical aspects of the language only. This will provide a foundation for any research in the future to be built and based on them, if they were true and still have the same findings which is a topic need to be investigated again. However, moving from the battle of the name of the Shehri language and taking the UNESCOs records about languages that are in danger of disappearing; the Shehri language might not transform fully from the elderly generation to the younger ones. According to the UNESCO atlas of the most endangered languages (table 1) this stage is severely endangered. In other words, it means that language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves UNESCO (2010). This leaves the language with only two stages from being extinct. Degree of endangerment Intergenerational Language Transmission Safe The language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted >> not included in the Atlas Vulnerable Vulnerable Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., Home) Definitely endangered Definitely endangered Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home Severely endangered Severely endangered The language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves Critically endangered Critically endangered The youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently Extinct Extinct There are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s Table Degree of endangerment Adapted from Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger. Moreover, Al Hakli (2008) made a mini-dictionary for Shehri language joining the Shehri words to their meaning in Arabic. But until now the number of speakers is still declining. Which means writing a dictionary was not the solution to revive the language at this stage. Therefore, the questions pointed out to look for the solution and to investigate why the number of the speakers is declined. According to Romine and Nettle (2000:7) language shift and death occur as a response to pressures of various types-social, cultural, economic, and even military-on a community. Furthermore, Harrison (2007: 8) stresses that language death typically begins with political or social discrimination against a language or its speakers. This may take the form of official state politics to suppress speech, or it may be benign neglect. Therefore, it might be the reason that there are other variables controlling the number of speakers of this language. Mufwene (2006:2) stated that language death starts when speakers consulted with each other and decided collectively to shift suddenly to another language. This leads us to the beginning and taking in our consideration that Dhofar region has been benediction with the revolutionary movement by the Sultan Qaboos and many schools, Hospitals, Airports were built in a short time. Therefore, the Arabic language takes place in their houses and daily life. The new generation was introduced to schools that delivers everything to them in Arabic. However, many families had migrated from the mountain to the city to look for a better way of living and a job that helps them to overcome the hardship of life in their villages. Peoples language might be affected by the surrounding environment. Also, the language that is nearby lots of variables that might influence it such as economy, geography, the power of the next door language are at more risk of being disappeared. Moreover, language shift and dea th can begin by start learning the next door language. For example: The Kwegu language in southwest Ethiopia is spoken by 500 people only Lydall (1982:22). In addition, according to the UNSECO world atlas the number of Kwegu speakers declines in 1998 to reach 103 speaker only. Furthermore, Dimmendaal (1989:17) mention some of the daily activities practiced by the Kwegu ancient as they exchange honey with the overlord groups in the same area so they will be able to liveKwegu speak both their own language and the language of the Musri and Bodi while the latter tend not to speak Kwegu. So, learning other groups language was the effect of such discrimination in the society, therefore, their first language [Kwegu] will have less chances to be used. On this view, the Shehri speakers are shifting from their language to Arabic and this is due to many facts already mentioned above. When the next generation does not believe in their language and start to shift toward a new language which is stronger than their language, obviously, no one will speak with it and it is only a matter of years until the Shehri speakers reduction end with it is extinct. Dimmendaal (1989:18) points out that it is only when they start interacting with neighbouring groups whose cultures are viewed as more prestigious that their own language became particularly threatened The Weyto probably gave up their earlier language this way. Darmon (2010:2) argued that the Weyto Because the Weyto people do not own lands, they are living in extremely precarious conditions. They build their huts wherever the government allows them to, knowing that they can be asked to move at any time Without professing to be Muslim, they are usually not recognized as true Muslims by oth ers, maybe because some of them keep on believing in spirits associated with paganism. Therefore, Darmon thinks that such feelings towards your own language might lead you to give up using it and shift it to a stronger language in the society. Eventually, this language shift will result in language death within years. The language death is when a language disappears and becomes extinct. In other words, when people stop using their language or forced to do so. There are types for language death cited by Tsitsipis (1989:182) first, sudden death: the language disappears because almost all of its speakers die or killed (example: Tasmanian). Secondly, Radical Death when language loses is rapid and usually due to severe political repression, often with genocide, to the extent that speakers stop speaking the language out of self defense, a survival strategy for example: Languages of El Salvador. Then, Gradual Death which is due to a gradual shift to the dominant language in language-contact situations. Finally, the Bottom-to-top Death, where that language is lost in small steps first like homes and families and then moved when the government stop using it, it is the opposite on the Top-Bottom language death. Regardless to the reason for the language shift it is clearly seen that it is only a matter of ti me until language shift become language extinction. To conclude, it might be more beneficial for reviving endangered languages that writers and scholars studying the Shehri language should keep their focus first at the language itself rather than fighting against each other in bringing a new name each time. Since the Shehri language is not documented yet, it only exists in the peoples mind, therefore, we are losing a huge amount of the language and country heritage and culture each time a person dies. As what Harrison describes when we lose a language, we lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art Harrison (2007:7). Chapter Three Methodology This part of the paper presents the methodology and how it had been designed to accomplish the aims and goals. First, this section will clarify the problem clearly. Then, the types of data, participants, questionnaires and interviews are going to be discussed separately. The problem Since the Shehri language is being listed officially by the UNESCO as [severely endangered] this research will be conducted to investigate if the Shehri language speakers are really under the risk of abandoning speaking their own language are not. Firstly, by looking at the number of speakers of the language and to see how it varies from the past. Then, through looking at the changes that happened to the language. According to Professor Miyaoka the director of The Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project Particularly in case of moribund and isolated languages with speakers rapidly diminishing in number, of which there are quite a few in the Pacific Rim, we are obliged to emphasize documentation with good and minute analyses which could be achieved only with the help of speakers having deep linguistic insights. The Shehri is a language that is not written yet or documented officially. Therefore, when each person of the Shehri speakers dies an amount of the language goes with him. Similarly, the Arabic language was not written until people start to write it after the death of Prophet Mohammed in order to preserve the holy Quran from being changed and distorts. Before this stage the Arabic language was only exist in their minds and transformed from a generation to another by communication with each other. In the Shehri context, the Shehri language is not written, not fully transformed from a generation to another, people start to avoid using it and preferred to use English or Arabic to show how they are educated. Nettle and Romaine (2000:5) insist that language might be regarded as an activity, system of communication between human beings. A language is not a self-sustaining entity. It can only exist where there is a community to speak and transmit it. In addition, immigration from the mountain to the city provides a space for the two cultures to merge. Thus, some of the young speakers of the language are not able to speak or even understand it. This will result in having a new generation of Shehri speakers that are not able to speak their language. Nettle and Romaine (2000:4) assured that languages not passed on to the younger generation will eventually die out. Since the Shehri newer generation are not able to speak the language, therefore, the language is not going to transmit and will extinct. Types of data The Data collection part was separated into two main parts; the first part was to update the information about the language. Moreover, to explore and discover why this language is not being studied yet. Also, the main part of this section was to see if such a kind of researches is going to be accepted by the Shehri speakers and tribe leader or not. Since, there has been an assumption that the reduction of speakers outstanding for not having a written form of the language; this assumption is being abandoned with the Halkis basic dictionary were a space is being provided for the Arabic speakers in Dhofar and Oman to learn some vocabulary and sentence in Shehri. Therefore, this result leads us to wonder about this continues reduction in the Sheahri speakers. Through meetings with scholars such as Dr. Ali AL Shehri and Khalid AL Maashani, both are Sahehari native speakers, they ensure that the abstention of the new generation is clearly seen these days in their daily life conversation and usage. This leads us to the second assumption of this study. Second part, was the main data collection in which the aim was: First, to see the what extend the Shehri speakers use their language?. Then, do they find any difficulty in understanding old peoples language? Finally, are they aware that their language is at risk of extinction? At the same time to see what they might recommend for their language. To make the aim of this paper more achievable the questions were made easier to the Shehries to answer by shortening the questions and translate them into Arabic. As what Harrison discovers in dealing with endangered languages in Australia Charlie was not a talkative man, and most of our questions got monosyllabic answers: yeah or no. But once he got to talking, Charlie also shared stories of this place -learned from his father- of the Turkey Dreaming and of the Rainbow Serpent (Harrison: 2010:98). Therefore, involving their language could provide a better communication environment in this research. Since they are not used to such studies which was one of the obstacles of gathering the information from them. Moreover, such a research must consider respecting the traditional rules in the Dhofar were females are not allowed to have a face to face conversation with strangers. Therefore, some volunteers from various tribes in Dhofar helped by giving the permission to distribute the questionnaire among their families as a part of their wish to revive the language. This issue but this research at risk of having unreliable data. So, the research methodology needs to look for a strategy to make the data more valid and reliable. This research conducted using both methods of data quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative data are represented in the questionnaire answers and responds, while the qualitative data is taken from interviewing the participant and the answers from the open-ended questionnaire answers in this study. Such kind of data collection has been described by (Jick 1979) in which he looks at using two or more methods of data collection can be called triangulation. According to Jick (1979:1) It is largely a vehicle for cross validation when two or more distinct methods are found to be congruent and yield comparable data. In other words, using such methods might be the reason to accomplish the validity of the research. In addition, the research will get the chance to look at each part of his study from more than one point. In addition, Olsen (2004) assured that triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. Considering the advantages and it is drawbacks combining the two methods might help the researcher as to make his own conclusions about a topic especially if we are talking about sociological issues. In addition, Spicer (2012:484) stated that it is an approach to combining two or more quantitative and/or qualitative methods in addressing a research question in order to cross-check results for consistency and to offset any bias of single research method. In this context, this research tries to use the triangulation method so it could reach the best, real, and representative data by using both quantitative qualitative data and making use of previous studies about the Shehri l